Survey on AI self-driving cars around the world
What’s the future of personal
transportation? Well, you’ll likely be spending a lot less time behind the
wheel, for one. The rise of self-driving cars means that some scenes out of
science-fiction flicks (movie: Total
Recall or I, Robot) are
now reality—and even more will be available soon.
What is self-drive car?
Self-driving vehicles
are cars or trucks in which human drivers are never required to take
control to safely operate the vehicle. Also known as autonomous or
“driverless” cars, they combine sensors and software to control, navigate,
and drive the vehicle.
An autonomous
car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and
navigating without human input. Autonomous cars combine a variety of
techniques to perceive their surroundings, including radar, laser light, GPS,
odometry, and computer vision.
In August 1961, Popular
Science reported on the Aeromobile 35B, an air-cushion vehicle (ACV) that was
invented by William Bertelsen and was envisioned to revolutionize the
transportation system, with personal self-driving hovering cars that could
speed up to 1,500MPH.
Let’s, get a look some existing Artificial intelligence
self-driving car around the world and how its work?
First of all, get the knowledge of 5 level of self-driven
vehicle autonomy given in below table
|
level
|
|
Name
|
Narrative Definition
|
Execution of steering and
acceleration/deceleration
|
Monitoring
of driving environment
|
Fallback
performance
Of
dynamic driving task
|
System
capability
(driving
modes)
|
|
0
|
|
The fulltime performance by the
human driver of all aspects of the dynamic task, even when enhanced by
warning or intervention system
|
Human
driver
|
Human
driver
|
Human
driver
|
N/A
|
||
1
|
|
Driver
assistance
|
Driving
mode specific execution by driver assistance system of either steering or
accele
|
human driver
|
human driver
|
human driver
|
Some driving
modes
|
|
2
|
|
Partial Automation
|
the driving mode specific
execution by one or nore driver assistance systems of both steering and
accelaration/deceleration using information about the driving environment and
with the exepectation thast the human driver perfoem all remeaining aspects
of the dynamic driving task.
|
system
|
Human driver
|
Human driver
|
Some driving modes
|
|
*
|
|
Automated driving system
|
(Monitors the driving envinment)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
Conditional Automation
|
The driving mode-specific
performance by an automated driving system of all aspects of dynamic driving
task, even if a human driver does not respond appropiately to request to
intervene.
|
System
|
System
|
Human driver
|
Some driving mode
|
|
4
|
|
high Automation
|
The driving mode specific
performance by an automated driving system of all aspects of the dynamic
driving task, even if a human driver not respond appropriately to a request
to intervene
|
System
|
system
|
System
|
Some driving modes
|
|
5
|
|
Full Automation
|
System
|
System
|
System
|
All driving modes
|
||
An
American automobile company GM recently launches level 4 self-driving car “CRUISE AV”. Cruise AV is properly
driverless car. it has no steering wheel, no pedals and no real driver at all.
Car will hit the road in 2019.
•
Intended just for a GM-operated
ride-sharing service, you'll summon a Cruise AV using an app, much like using a
service like Lyft -- which GM also happens to own a fair bit of. You
can input your destination through the app and the car will safely, silently
usher you along.
•
You can also input preferred
temperature, music and passengers will receive constant updates on the car's
progress and status through a series of touch screens: one in the dash up front
two more behind the headrests.
Figure: 1 sensor system of cruise AV
2)
Way MO:
Waymo
is Autonomous company of parent company Google which working on self-driving
minivan since 2009. Way mo. was 1st autonomous car company to issue
public safety report to federal government outlining their technology’s
feature.
•
The 3rd level Waymo mini vans have always safety
drivers as backups whether or not the vehicle was part of its public pilot.
•
They will launch level 4 autonomy Chrysler Pacifica minivan.
•
Waymo minivan technology includes 3 LIDAR systems at roof
top, one forward facing camera at roof top, radar sensor to detect object in
rain, fog or snow at back spoiler, self-driving sensors on front hood and wheel
hub sensor at fender. 
3)
Daimler
Bosch:
The
parent company Mercedes-Benz partnered with supplier Bosch to crate Level 4 and
Level 5 autonomous car by 2020.Daimler already given us a hint of what it
believes self-driving cars will be like.
• The F015 concept: Mercedes Benz F015 is only able to follow
a pre-programmed route and simple commands on close course.
• Prototype of F015
experienced a technical difficulty half way and needed to be manually driven
back to stating bay.
•
I-phone running Mercedes-Benz App allow us to remotely call
F015 from its nearly parking spot to pick us up and park itself.
•
When someone passed in front of car, LEDs in grill glowed to
indicate that car had detected person as pedestrian. “GO AHEAD PLEASE”, it said
through exterior speakers. Entire dashboard was taken up by ultra-wide
gesture-controlled display.
•
For interaction between vehicles and environment F015 use
extended sensor system to monitor surrounding in 360-degree radius. After
system interpret and analyse the data.
•
Mercedes- Benz also demonstrated how laser in grill could
even project a virtual cross walk onto road to give pedestrians a visual cue
and how passengers could wave hand to stopped ROBO car.
Figure: 3 Mercedes-Benz F015
4)
FORD:
By
year 2021 FORD will mass produce
vehicles with full autonomy- no steering wheels, no gas pedal and no driver.
To develop
its autonomous driving capability, Ford will invest in several companies:
• Teledyne: The world's LiDAR leader. Sensors that help
vehicles self-navigate
• SAIPS: A machine learning company based in Israel, which uses
object detection to help vehicles learn about surroundings.
• Nirenbrg Neuroscience: A device for returning sight to
blind patients by cracking neural code that brings sight to the brain.
• Civil Maps: Will use AI to develop 3D, high-resolution
maps of surroundings.
• Ford hasn't been as quick to discuss its plans
toward developing an autonomous vehicle. Unlike Tesla's, it doesn't have
something like Autopilot currently available to drivers.
•
In direct approach use the same data but directly interpret
object in environment and require more advanced software.
Figure: 4 Ford’s
hybrid driverless car
5) Volkswagen
Group:
In recent months, Volkswagen partnered with Aurora Innovation to integrate Aurora's self-driving system of sensors,
hardware, and software into Volkswagen's vehicles.
•
Aurora works at the intersection of rigorous
engineering and applied machine learning to address one of the most
challenging, important and interesting opportunities of our generation:
transforming the way people and goods move.
•
Volkswagen’s latest vision of the future
is a “subtly wedged shaped” electric and autonomous concept vehicle.
•
The fully autonomous concept is called Sadric-a combination of the words
self-driving car and has no pedals or steering wheel.
•
The vehicle can be summoned with the push
of a button and shuttle individuals to their destination, just like the
human-operated services Uber and Lyft do today.
•
This is the first concept from Volkswagen
Group, the parent company of brands that include Volkswagen Passenger Cars,
Audi, Bentley, Skoda, and Porsche.
•
Sadri signifies the importance of fully
automated driving to the automaker, whether it’s in a wedged-shaped shuttle or
a feature within a sports car that allows for human or robot control.
• The control button in Sadri hints at that interest. The button that summons the Sadri is linked to a universal mobility ID. This allows customers to switch between their own personal autonomous Sadri—under one of VW’s brands—to a shared vehicle in another city.
• The control button in Sadri hints at that interest. The button that summons the Sadri is linked to a universal mobility ID. This allows customers to switch between their own personal autonomous Sadri—under one of VW’s brands—to a shared vehicle in another city.
6)
BMW-Intel-FCA:
BMW teamed with Intel and camera and sensor
company Mobileye in
2016 with the goal of bringing self-driving cars to market by 2021. The three companies are working on the BMW in EXT
model
•
They plan to have Level 3 cars for consumers
in 2021, and Level 4 and 5 ride-hail cars for urban pilot programs in the same
year as well.
•
BMW is currently testing
self-driving cars on public roads, using the brand Personal Co-pilot for the
technology.
•
BMW's cars will use radar,
lidar and cameras, with some technology supplied by its core partners Intel and
Mobileye.
•
The cars' computers store high-definition
maps of specific roads created by Here, a digital mapping consortium owned by
BMW, Audi and Mercedes-Benz.
This type of maps not only show the roads, but also permanent objects, such as
buildings and traffic infrastructure.
•
The car compares what its
sensors detect to its stored map, letting it determine its precise location.
The map also shows where it is allowed to drive.
7) Aptiv:
Aptiv is a global technology company that develops safer,
greener and more connected solutions enabling the future of mobility.
•
in November, Aptiv -formerly Delphi Automotive -purchased autonomy, a leading developer of autonomous driving software.
•
Aptiv recently paired with Lyft at CES 2018 to offer Level 4 autonomous rides
down the Las Vegas strip to attendees.
•
“Aptiva’s automated driving technology is
seamlessly integrated into any design without cumbersome sensors on the top or
sides of the vehicle
•
LIDAR pucks are visible on or around the bumper
fasciae on the front and rear of the vehicle — two other areas commonly damaged
during collisions.
Figure:7 Aptiv self-driving system
Figure: 8 Active self-driving concepts in BMW 540i
Figure: 8 Active self-driving concepts in BMW 540i
8) Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance:
This alliance is working on an autonomous
ride-hailing and car-sharing service, to launch within the next 10 years. It
will begin piloting a self-driving taxi service in
Japan this year.
•
The vehicles will be geofenced along a 4.5-kilometer route
between Nissan’s global headquarters and the Yokohama World Porters shopping
centre.
•
Safety drivers will remain behind the wheel of the vehicles,
and a remote operations centre has been set up to monitor the car trips.
•
An in-car tablet screen will show selections of nearly 500
recommended places of interest and events in the vicinity.
•
Additionally, about 40 discount coupons for retailers and
restaurants in the area are available for download on the participants’ own smart
phones.
•
Participants will be asked to complete a survey about their
overall user experience, usage of content and coupons from local retailers and
restaurants, and preferred pricing for the Easy Ride service.
9) Volvo-Autoliv-Ericsson-Zenuity:
This group is developing an end-to-end autonomous platform
that integrates in-vehicle software
and systems with connected safety data from other vehicles and infrastructure.
•
They also recently launched an innovation lab for
easier collaboration with start-ups.
•
Volvo decided to take on the skies with its 360c
concept, which seeks to compete with airliners when it comes to short-haul
travel.
•
Volvo 360c concept, revealed today as part of the company’s
vision for the future of travel- autonomous, electric, connected and safe.
•
Without the need for a driver’s seat and a steering wheel,
the interior of the 360c can be reconfigured to become a sleeping cabin, a
mobile office, a living room or an entertainment space.
•
It runs on electric power, although no technical
specifications exist – for now, this is all a flight of fancy.
•
This is Volvo after all, so safety has also been given a
rethink. Autonomous technology is expected to be introduced gradually rather
than overnight, which means that fully self-driving vehicles will share the
road with other motorists and pedestrians.
•
360s include additional driver-assistance systems such as
collision warning with pedestrian and cyclist detection, and distance alert.
•
On tap is adaptive cruise control, which uses radar to match
speeds with slower traffic and can bring the car to a complete stop.
Lane-keeping assist helps prevent you from drifting over lane lines.
•
The radar keeps you fairly well behind the lead car, so be
prepared for a few folks to jam themselves into your lane.
•
The Volvo is quick to
apply the brakes, even to a full stop, but it's always best to pay careful
attention.
•
The lane-keeping assist vibrates and slightly tugs on the
steering wheel if you cross a lane marker without signalling.
Figure: 10 Volvo 360s concept car
Figure:11 Interior of Volvo 360c
10) PSA:
The French automaker group that includes both Peugeot
and Citroën have just been given the authorization to commence autonomous
driving tests on French public roads with "non-expert" drivers behind
the wheel.
•
Group PSA is developing a new electronic architecture to
improve the safety of autonomous vehicles for both passengers and data.
•
PSA Group says it is committed to developing Level 3
autonomous driving, which allows hands-off capability but requires the driver
to take back control at any time.
•
The system, which PSA says can process 10 times more data
than the current architecture, will have data protection and cyber security
features built in, allowing customers to perform some maintenance operations
and gain access to new services without going to a dealer
•
Redundancy and backup will be provided by dual electric
systems and batteries, and sensors will use different technologies to verify
the accuracy of information they receive.
Figure: 12 Peugeot 3008 level 2 self-driving car.
11) Tesla:
A decade after Elon Musk announced Tesla's first master plan;
he has just come up with its sequel-a grand outline that has been called
out for being "absurd," and "insane," while
simultaneously "brilliant" and "magnificent."
•
Tesla model S, X, 3 is currently offering Autopilot, an
advanced driver assist mode that can self-steer, brake, and switch lanes.
•
Autopilot is an optional driver-assist system for Tesla cars
that Tesla CEO Elon Musk has promised will eventually turn the electric cars
into fully self-driving vehicles.
•
When Autopilot is engaged, cars can self-steer, adjust speed,
detect nearby obstacles, apply brakes, and park. The technology uses a
combination of radar, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS.
•
Tesla says the on board computers in its Autopilot-enabled
cars released since October 2016 can support full self-driving capabilities,
and that this functionality will be added via firmware updates over time,
subject to regulatory approval.
What can Tesla's Autopilot do?
•
Traffic-Aware
Cruise Control:
•
Auto steer
•
Auto Lane Change
• Side Collision Warning
• Side Collision Warning
•
Auto Park
•
Summon
• Other features include Automatic Emergency Braking and
Steering, Automatic High Beams, Blind Spot Detection, and Speed Assist
Which sensors does Tesla's Autopilot use?
• Forward-looking
radar: The radar used by Autopilot can see up to 160m ahead of the
car, through "sand, snow, fog
• Eight cameras: 4
forward facing camera, wide angle camera and rear cameras
• Sonar: A 360-degree,
ultrasonic sonar detects obstacles in an eight-meter radius around the
car.
• GPS: A satellite navigation system can detect the car's
position on the road.
• All Tesla vehicles--Model S, Model X, and the new Model
3--are equipped with a custom-version of the Nvidia Drive PX2 platform.
Figure:13 Tesla model S
Figure: 14 Tesla
Model S Autopilot mode
Indian Scenario of self-driving car:
Global tech giants
such as Google, Tesla giving major goals into bringing self-driving vehicles on
road, India isn’t lagging much behind when it comes to efforts in automation
technology.
We have earlier
seen companies like Tata willing to invest into this field, TCS developing
self-driving Nano, Infosys bringing self-driving rickshaw, Tech Mahindra’s
reported interest on working on autonomous driving system, and others, who are
taking a step to change India’s perspective of self-driving technology on a
global frontier.
Here the list of
such start-up companies in India:
•
Flux Auto:
•
This Bangalore based autonomous truck driving start-up
converts/ transforms normal truck into a driverless truck.
•
It aims to facilitate
features like cruise control, lane keeping, collision avoidance, keeping a
check on accidents, higher efficiency, amongst others in a much cost-effective
manner.
•
With an aim to democratize autonomous systems, the
16-member start-up is developing the autonomous system without using Lidar—an
incredibly must-have component of most autonomous vehicles.
•
Fisheye box:
•
Fisheye box, a tech start-up based out of Kolkata is making
India a frontrunner in the global race of self-driving and has Autonomous Celerio to flaunt.
•
The project Aero drive by the start-up is aimed at making
relatively low-tech car loaded with cameras, sensors and antennae to present a
modified version of the car to the world. With a budget of INR 20 Lakh.
•
they are looking for investments to jump from a ‘proof of
concept’ stage to the next level. Run by a joystick, the car is packed with
voice recognition software that runs on a ‘Start engine’ voice command.
•
Fisheye box’s driverless car comes with AIOS, car operating
system, technology innovation that has made its trail run.
Figure: 15 Autonomous Celerio
•
Hi Tech Robotic
System:
•
Novus –Drive, a completely autonomous electric vehicle
by the company was launched in the Auto Expo Motor show 2016 in India.
•
This completely autonomous car lets the passengers set
destination on the map, check details of destination drop off location,
use snooze button to the stop vehicle, have Cloud Based Intelligence for a
fleet management system and audio/visual alerts in case of emergencies.
•
ATI Motors:
•
ATI motors are into designing autonomous electric cargo
vehicles, with a major focus on customers outside India.
•
With an interest to take the road ‘never taken before’, these
founders came together to make new kind vehicle, which they call mule
internally.
•
Intradyne:
•
Founded by Aneesh Agrawal, a former Qualcomm Inc. president
for India and South Asia, and David Julian, a former principal engineer at the
US-based chip-maker, Intradyne uses artificial intelligence to improve road and
driver safety.
•
Based out of Bangalore and San Diego, US, Intradyne offers a
powerful camera that analyses driving patterns and can help determine the cause
of accident.
•
The device called Driver is the size of a soap bar and is
attached to vehicle’s rear-view mirror and rests on the inside of windscreen,
pointing towards road.
•
Saadat Robots:
•
Making technologies like LIDAR and RADAR redundant, Saadat
robots is developing on-and off roads self-driving technology that works in
extremely difficult traffic scenarios and in unstructured environmental
conditions such as in India.
•
The technology by this start-up enables self-driving vehicles
to perceive their environments using off-the-shelf cameras.
•
Working on GPS denied environments; it can produce high speed
trajectories even in cluttered environments. He is currently using Mahindra Bolero
to test the technology.
•
Aura Robotic:
•
Run by IIT Kharagpur alumni, Aura Robotics is working on
autonomous shuttle.
•
The electric shuttle by the team relies heavily on LIDAR, a
sensor technology that uses laser light for localization and spotting anomalies.
•
The Aura Robotics team is currently working on two separate
models of their shuttles, so that that depending on the needs of the area,
vehicles can either follow closed loop route with predefined stops or can be
called on-demand to pick and drop at user defined location.
•
Y Combinator-backed Aura
Robotics is currently testing their driverless shuttle system at several
universities, and is actually beginning to deploy shuttles on the campus
of Santa Clara University.
Figure: 16 AURO Autonomous shuttle
•
Omnipresent
Robot:
•
India’s one of the leading robotics
providers, apart from building drones for industrial inspections, it is working
relentlessly in the area of driverless cars.
•
It uses a combination of ID Laser sensors,
stereo cameras and combines their data through sensor fusion to generate 3D
maps.
•
They also have plans to deploy
monocular camera for detecting traffic lights and decoding road signs.
•
Sirica 1.0
from IIT Bombay:
•
Autonomous ground vehicle by IIT Bombay’s
Innovation Cell nailed the fourth spot globally in the Intelligent Ground
Vehicle Competition (IGVC) 2016, beating other universities from across the
globe.
•
The team is looking forward to use GPS/INS,
LiDAR and stereo cameras to gather information about the immediate environment
at the right range,
Really informative...
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